Svrab je zarazna bolest koju uzrokuje grinja Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis. Ova grinja je mali, nevidljiv parazit koji se nastani na koži čovjeka. Lako se prenosi izravnim fizičkim kontaktom, ali isto tako i dijeljenjem odjevnih premeta, posteljine ili ručnika. Još se lakše i brže prenosi bliskim direktnim kontaktom sa kože na kožu kao što su zajedničko spavanje u krevetu, dojenje, grljenje, njega male djece i slično).
Riječ je dakle o zaraznoj bolesti za koju je glavni čimbenik prijenosa prenapučenost životnog prostora tj. prekapacitiranost tako da su upravo vrtićki kolektivi i škole skupine sa povećanim rizikom za obolijevanje i širenje zaraze.
Prema nekim opažanjima čak ni dobre higijenske navike ne sprječavaju prijenos zaraze, te se djeca bez obzira na socioekonomske uvijete mogu zaraziti ovim nametnikom.
Svrab je poprilično stigmatizirana bolest, a zbog srama i neprijavljivanja liječniku zaraza se brže širi.
Simptomi
Osnovni simptom svraba je svrbež kože sa vidljivim promjenama na koži koji često može nalikovati na kontaktni dermatitis ili nekakvu alergijsku reakciju pa lako uzrokuje pomutnju u dijagnosticiranju ove bolesti.
Karakteristično za svrab, a što ga razlikuje od alergija je intenzivan svrbež kože koji se pojačava noću.
Drugi osnovni simptom su promjene na koži u obliku papula – mala kožna izbočenja iznad razine kože poput kvržice.
Predilekcijska mjesta, odnosno mjesta na kojima se posebno uočavaju promjene su: u pazusi, genitalna regija, područja između prstiju na rukama i nogama, oko pupka, na zapešćima, te unutarnjoj strani bedara. Rijetko je okom vidljiva crvena krivudava linija, duljine oko 1 cm, a na kraju linije je papulozna promjena.
Svrbež je najjače izražen noću, osobito u pregrijanim prostorijama kada je gotovo neizdržljiv. Djeca su nervozna, nezadovoljna i razdražljiva što je potpuno razumljivo. Može se pojačati i nakon kupanja ili tuširanja toplom vodom.
Ova grinja ruje kanaliće ispod površine kože te ondje leže jajašca. Nakon nekoliko dana razviju se u larvu te nakon toga odrasla grinja izlazi na površinu kože gdje mogu preživjeti i do 4 tjedna dok izvan tijela domaćina mogu preživjeti 3-4 dana.
Ugibaju na temperaturi od 55 stupanja pa se preporuča da se u obitelji sa oboljelima od ove zaraze rublje pere na minimalnoj temperaturi od 60 stupnjeva. Vrijeme inkubacije može biti od 4-6 tjedna nakon prvog kontakta sa prenosnikom.
Postavljanje dijagnoze
Dijagnoza se postavlja na temelju anamneze i kliničke slike, te na temelju pozitivne epidemiološke anamneze o kontaktu i/ili boravku u prostorima s zaraženom osobom.
Sumnju na zarazu potvrđuje mikroskopski dokazan uzročnik u strugotini epitela.
Liječenje
Svrab se uspješno liječi lokalnom primjenom skabicidnih pripravaka 5% -tnog permetrina u obliku krema i losiona.
Najzgodnije je primijeniti ih navečer nakon što se dijete okupa ili istušira. Kožu je potrebno dobro posušiti a tek onda nanijeti kremu ili losion. Važno je dobro namazati kompletno tijelo od vrata naniže a ne samo vidljive promjene.Mažu se i vrhovi prstića i područje ispod noktiju. Ako se nakon nanošenja losiona ili kreme peru rukice, ili je dijete potrebno okupati, kremu treba nanijeti ponovo.
Kod djece mlađe od 2 godine maže se cijelo tijelo- i lice i vrat i glavica, a kako bi se spriječio unos permentina u usta npr. sisanjem prstića ili šakica, djetetu traba staviti rukavice ili čarapice.
Bilo bi dobro da krema ili losion djeluje 8-12 sati prije idućeg tuširanja ili kupanja.
Ovakvo liječenje potrebno je ponoviti za 7 dana. Ako nakon 24-48 sati prestaje izbijanje novih promjena na koži liječenje se smatra uspješnim. Kako bi se intenzitet svrbeža smanjio, pedijatar može prepisati i antihistaminik ili u liječenje uključiti kortikosteroidne pripravke.
Ono što dodatno komplicira i čini ovu zarazu napornom je važnost provođenja liječenja cijele obitelji i kućanstva.
Odjeću, rublje, i igračke potrebno je oprati na temperaturi iznad 60 stupnjeva, te po mogućnosti osušiti u sušilici i izglačati. Predmete ili igračke koje se ne mogu prati a bile su u kontaktu sa zaraženim djetetom potrebno je zatvoriti u plastičnu vreću i tako ju zatvorenu čuvati barem tjedan dana. Tepihe i namještaj važno je dobro usisati, a vrećicu od usisavača čim prije baciti.
Po završetku liječenja, dakle nakon 7-10 dana dijete se može vratiti u kolektiv.
Autorica: Marina Yates, bacc.med.techn.
(Poliklinika Salvea: https://www.poliklinika-salvea.hr/)
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