Slijepo crijevo, poznato još i pod nazivima apendiks ili crvuljak, je duguljasti, dobro prokrvljen i limfnim tkivom ispunjen slijepi ogranak debelog crijeva koji se nalazi neposredno iza mjesta prijelaza tankog u debelo crijevo. Ako trbuh gledajući izvana podijelimo u četiri kvadranta s pupkom u sredini, njegova lokalizacija je najčešće u donjem desnom kvadrantu.
Akutna upala slijepog crijeva (akutni apendicitis) jedan je od najčešćih uzroka naglo nastale boli u trbuhu kod djece i smatra se hitnim stanjem jer, ukoliko ostane neprepoznat, može dovesti do ozbiljnih i po život opasnih komplikacija kao što su puknuće samog slijepog crijeva s posljedičnom sepsom ili opstruiranje prolaska crijevnog sadržaja. Može se javiti u bilo kojoj životnoj dobi, od rane dojenačke pa sve do starosti, a najučestaliji je u drugom desetljeću života, između desete i dvadesete godine.
Točan uzrok i tijek razvoja upale nije sasvim jasan; smatra se da proces započinje opstrukcijom slijepog crijeva crijevnim sadržajem ili uvećanjem limfnog tkiva stijenke crvuljka koji dovode do „zarobljavanja“ bakterija u samu šupljinu slijepog crijeva i smanjenja protoka krvi kroz male krvne žile crvuljka radi čega konačno nastaje upala te kasnije stvaranje gnoja i puknuće slijepog crijeva.
Sumnju na upalu slijepog crijeva lako je postaviti u slučaju razvoja tipične kliničke slike i progresije bolesti, no nažalost određen se broj slučajeva prezentira netipičnim znakovima i simptomima što je najčešće u dojenačkoj i predškolskoj dobi. Tipična klinička slika je karakterizirana početkom tupe i nespecifične boli oko pupka koja se kroz nekoliko sati ili dana „preseli“ u donji desni kvadrant, oštra je i sve jačeg intenziteta, a prati je gubitak apetita i povišena tjelesna temperatura.
Ovakav klasični slijed simptoma se javlja u svega 50-60% pacijenata dok je kod ostalih moguć razvoj šarolike kliničke slike te je ponekad postaviti dijagnozu veliki izazov. Osim navedene klasične kliničke slike, crvuljak može biti smješten na netipičnim mjestima kada se bol može projicirati u gornji desni kvadrant, preponu, mokraćni mjehur i rektalno područje te po mogućnosti uzrokovati i bol pri mokrenju i defekaciji. Od ostalih simptoma, može se javiti povraćanje koje kod osoba s apendicitisom najčešće počinje nakon pojave boli u trbuhu te na kraju proljev ili opstipacija koji ipak nisu tipični za upalu slijepog crijeva.
Ukoliko se kod djeteta jave navedeni simptomi i znakovi, svakako se preporučuje učiniti pregled liječnika koji će na temelju anamneze, kliničkog pregleda i osnovnih laboratorijskih pretraga postaviti ili odbaciti sumnju na apendicitis. Konačnu dijagnozu potvrđujemo ultrazvučnim pregledom trbuha, a u rjeđim, nejasnim slučajevima, od koristi mogu biti detaljnije radiološke metode – CT (kompjuterizirana tomografija) ili MR (magnetska rezonanca).
Nakon postavljene dijagnoze upale slijepog crijeva, u velike većine pacijenata metoda izbora liječenja je što raniji operativni zahvat, prvenstveno da bi se izbjegle komplikacije bolesti. Operater odlučuje kojim načinom će izvesti operaciju; klasičnim pristupom rezom u donjem desnom kvadrantu abdomena ili tzv. laparoskopski – kroz nekoliko sitnih rezova uz pomoć tanke i dugačke kamere, tzv. laparoskopa. Operacija u pravilu prođe bez komplikacija, a nakon otpusta iz bolnice neizmjerno je važno držati se svih liječničkih uputa kako bi oporavak bio brz i potpun.
Autor: Ante Mazalin, dr. med., spec. pedijatrije
(Poliklinika Salvea: https://www.poliklinika-salvea.hr/)
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