Bolesti nastale zbog visokih temperature okoliša nisu rijetkost u dječjoj populaciji, posebice u ovim ljetnim mjesecima koji su pred nama. One najčešće nastaju posve slučajno, kada djeca u igri i pojačanoj fizičkoj aktivnosti provedu duže vrijeme izloženi visokim temperaturama i suncu. Nažalost, kao što smo u skorije vrijeme čitali u medijima, ponekad se dogođaju situacije da dijete slučajno ostane zatvoreno u automobilu u razdobljima visokih temperature okoliša.
U normalnim okolnostima, u uvjetima povišene tjelesne temperature, tijelo se pojačano znoji što doprinosi njegovu hlađenju. Kada taj mehanizam zakaže, tijelo više ne može regulirati porast temperature i dolazi do pojave simptoma. Pritom je bitno naglasiti da ponekad tjelesna temperature može doći i do 40C.
Pregrijavanje tijela može izazvati različite kliničke slike kod djece, od onih blažih tipa osipa ili crvenila kože, potom grčeva i toplinske iscrpljenosti, do onih najopasnijih – toplinskog udara ili sunčanice.
Što je sunčanica?
Sunčanica je jedno od najopasnijih stanja koja nastaju kao posljedica prekomjernog izlaganju Suncu. Predstavlja burnu rekaciju cijelog organizma, do koje dolazi zbog prekomjernih širenja krvnih žila u području mozga i pregrijavanja moždanog tkiva.
Pritom je neophodno napomenuti da za nastanak sunčanice nije potrebno da osoba dugo vremena provede na suncu. Za pojavu simptoma dosta je i svega nekoliko minuta izlaganja.
Sunčanica se može prezentirati brzo, u prvih nekoliko minuta, no češće se prezentira odgođenim simptomima koji nastupaju nekoliko sati nakon izloženosti suncu. Nerijetko simtpomi nastupaju pred spavanje ili dijete bude iz sna.
Sunčanicu je poželjno prevenirati, ali u slučaju pojave prvih simptoma, jednako je važno stanje prepoznati i pravovremeno djelovati.
Kako sprječiti sunčanicu?
Kada je u pitanju prevencija sunčanice i drugih ozlijeda povezanih s povišenim temperaturama okoliša, pravila su primjenjiva na sve dobne skupine, pa tako i na najmlađu populaciju.
Preporučljivo je izbjegavati izlaganje i boravak na suncu između 11 i 17h u ljetnim mjesecima.
Razdoblja duljeg izlaganja trebalo bi prekidati povremenim boravkom u hladu ili namakanjem u vodu.
Prilikom boravka na suncu, djeca bi na glavama trebala nositi šešir ili kapu, uz laganu i svjetlu odjeću.
Potrebno je rashlađivati i održavati ugodnu temperature prostorije u kojoj se obavljaju dnevne aktivnosti.
U zaštiti su neizostavne kreme za sunčanje s visokim zaštitnim faktorom.
Uz navedeno, još jedan od ključnih zaštitnih mehanizama je unos dostatne količine tekućine. Djecu treba poticati da piju, čak i ako nisu žedna, po mogućnosti običnu vodu ili druga nezaslađena pića.
Prehana u ljetnim mjesecima trebala bi biti lagana, bogata voćem i povrćem.
Simptomi sunčanice?
Jaka, nepodnošljiva glavobolja
Opća slabost i umor
Vrtoglavica
Mučnina i nagon na povraćanje
Ubrzani rad srca (ubrzani otkucaji)
Vruća i suha koža
Pojačano znojenje
Krize svijesti (nesvjestice)
Epileptički napadaji
Povišena tjelesna temperature
Što napraviti kada dijete ima sunčanicu?
Rana prezentacija sunčanice je obično vrlo burna. Dijete koje se do tada uredno igralo i boravilo vani odjednom je slabo, bezvoljno i jako pospano. Veće dijete primarno će se požaliti na glavobolju, dok je kod male djece teže prepoznati simptome. Nerijetko se djeca žale na vrtoglavicu, praćenu mučninom i povraćanjem, ponekad i gubitkom svijesti. Tjelesna temperature pritom može biti normalna ili povišena.
Kasna sunčanica je ‘’nezgodna’’ jer simptomi nastaju nekoliko sati nakon izlaganja suncu, manje su izraženi i duže traju. Upravo zbog navedenog roditelji često ne posumnjaju primarno na sunčanicu. Manja djeca su pritom dosta plačljiva i razdražljiva, dok kod veće djece zamjećujemo netipično ponašanje, mirniji su, imaju probleme sa spavanjem, često uz mučninu i povraćanje. I u ovoj kasnoj prezentaciji djeca često imaju povišenu tjelesnu temperaturu.
Kakav god da je tijek bolelesti, postupanje je isto. Ukoliko je dijete na suncu, potrebno ga je maknuti u hlad ili u rashlađenu prostoriju. Dijete treba raskomotiti skidanjem odjeće te ga rashladiti tuširanjem u mlakoj vodi ili stavljanjem na tijelo vlažnih obloga. Ako dijete ne povraća i pri svijesti je, treba ga poticati da pije gutljaj po gutljaj tekućine. Nije poželjno da dijete u kratkom period popije velike količine hladne tekućine.
Ono o čemu treba voditi posebnu brigu je tjelesna temperature. Istu je potrebo učestalo mjeriti i pratiti njenu dinamiku te po potrebi dati lijek za spuštanje temperature.
Ukoliko navedene mjere nisu pomogle, nužno je potražiti medicinsku pomoć kako ne bi došlo do neželjenih komplikacija.
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